Extreme YAGNI: How BDD nails your prototyping stage

Sometimes people don’t see the value in the BDD process. They contend that the BDD ceremonies are a waste of time, and get in the way of delivering real features to customers. Others cannot see how to apply BDD to their project, as no-one knowns exactly what the project will look like yet. As they’re only in the prototyping stage, by the time a feature file is written and made executable, it’s already out of date.

I don’t agree with this. If our process is set up right, we can prototype using just as effectively and retain the collaboration benefits that BDD gives us.

You Ain’t Gonna Need It

One of the biggest wins that Test-driven Development (TDD) gives us is the principle of YAGNI - “You Ain’t Gonna Need It”. It’s very tempting when writing code to go off on a tangent and produce a beautiful structured work of art that has zero practical use. TDD stops us doing this by forcing us only to write code that a test requires. Even some experts who don’t practice or encourage TDD often espouse the power of writing the calling code first in order to achieve much the same effect.

BDD gives us the same YAGNI win: but at a level higher than TDD. With the BDD cycle we’re adding thin slices of customer observable behaviour to our systems. If we can only write the code thats directly used by the business, then in theory we should be cutting down on wasteful development time.

However, there’s a snag here. if we’re prototyping, we don’t know whether this feature will make it into the final product. We still need to give feedback to our product team, so we need to build something. If the feature is complex, it might take a while to build it, and the feature might never get used. Why bother going through the process of specifying the feature using BDD and Cucumber features?

Happily, we can take YAGNI a level further to help us out.

Extreme YAGNI

Often in TDD, and especially when teaching it, I will encourage people to take shortcuts that might seem silly in their production code. For example, when writing a simple supermarket checkout class in Javascript, we might start with a test like this:

    var checkout = new Checkout();
    expect(checkout.total()).toEqual(0);

Our test defines our supermarket checkout to have a total of zero on creation. One simple way to make this work would be to define the following class:

    var Checkout = function() {
      this.total = function() {
        return 0;
      };
    }

You might think that’s cheating, and many people define a member variable for total, set it to 0 in the constructor, and miss this step out entirely. There is however an important principle at stake here. The code we have does exactly what the test requires it too. We may not need a local variable to store total at all.

Here’s the secret: we can practice this “extreme YAGNI” at the level of our features, too. If there’s a quick way to make our feature files work, then there’s nothing to stop us taking as many shortcuts as we can to get things working quickly.

For example, if we’re testing the user interface of our system via Cucumber features, one fast way to ensure things are working is to hard code the values in the user interface and not implement the back end behaviour too early. Why not make key pages static in your application, or hard code a few cases so your business gets the rough idea?

Again, you might think that’s cheating, but your features pass, so you’ve delivered what’s been asked for. You’ve spent the time thrashing out the story in a 3 amigos meeting, so you gain the benefits of deliberately discovering your software. You’re giving your colleagues real insight to guide the next set of stories, rather than vague guessing up front. Our UX and design colleagues now have important feedback through a working deployed system very quickly, and quick feedback through working software is a core component of the agile manifesto.

By putting off implementing the whole feature until later, we can use BDD to help us navigate the “chaotic” Cynefin space rather than just the “complicated” space. This in theory makes BDD twice as useful to our business.

Fast, fluid BDD

This all assumes that we have a fast, fluid BDD process, with close collaboration built in. If it takes a week to coordinate everyone for the next feature file, then the temptation is to have a long meeting and go through too many features, without a chance to pause, prototype, deliver and learn from working software. Maybe it’s time to re-organise those desks and sit all the members of your team together, or clean up your remote working practices, or block out time each day for 3 amigo sessions. You’ll be suprised how much small changes speed your team up.

Why you can scale agile with the right attitudes

The more I work with teams, the more I think agile at any scale lives or dies based on attitudes of people in the organisation, rather than the scale at which you are attempting to do it.

Software development is hard, and it’s harder the greater the scale as Rachel’s post eloquently argues. However, I don’t think the scale is always the limiting factor here.

I’ve seen small teams with such a lack of trust that they burden themselves with suffocating process, and larger organisations with so much trust that they’re able to operate at the speed of organisations a quarter of their size.

As organisations get bigger, the trust required gets greater. If the trust exists, teams are able to remain independent and don’t get burdened with process.

If you need to work at one thing to make your large organisation more agile, work on building trust between teams, and between teams and management. Try small wins, quick feedback, and constant celebration. Decentralise decisions, give people ownership in their areas, and act like they’re as good as you know they are.

If middle and upper management could be persuaded to give up control and provide leadership instead, your scale matters much less than you might think.

How not to check in temporary code

We’ve all done it.

We were skimming through a set of changes before checking in our code, trying to get the branch pushed up to the build server just before lunch. We’d forgotten that before we went home last night, we added a couple of lines of code to a method which sets up a debug state for testing. Easy to miss; and miss it we did. The change goes up, the build breaks, and we’re left feeling embarrassed.

How do we ensure we don’t check in temporary code? One way to do so is to utilise that old refactoring staple, Extract Method, along with the power of good naming.

Pull out temporary code into a method

Here’s some temporary code currently nestled inside the Card Pirates method for starting a new game. It fixes the position and the cards for the first two players, so I can easily jump to and test the combat user interface.

    def start_new_game
      @state = GameState.new_game(@queue)

      attacker = state.players.current_player
      defender = state.players.next_player

      attacker.x = 3
      attacker.y = 3
      attacker.hand = Card.hydrate ["10_of_england", "4_of_spain", "3_of_france"]

      defender.x = 4
      defender.y = 3
      defender.hand = Card.hydrate ["8_of_england", "3_of_spain"]
      state.map.square(4, 3).face_down_cards = []

      init_services(@state.current_player.name)

      @queue << Command.new(:start_game)
      @queue << Command.new(:start_new_player_turn, @state.current_player.name)
      show_board(@state.current_player.name)
    end

Can you spot where the temporary code stops, and the ‘real code’ starts? It’s difficult, isn’t it? I thought so too, so I extracted the temporary code into a method, and gave it a very obvious name:

    def test_the_combat_dont_check_in(state)
      attacker = state.players.current_player
      defender = state.players.next_player

      attacker.x = 3
      attacker.y = 3
      attacker.hand = Card.hydrate ["10_of_england", "4_of_spain", "3_of_france"]

      defender.x = 4
      defender.y = 3
      defender.hand = Card.hydrate ["8_of_england", "3_of_spain"]
      state.map.square(4, 3).face_down_cards = []
    end

    def start_new_game
      @state = GameState.new_game(@queue)

      test_the_combat_dont_check_in(@state)

      init_services(@state.current_player.name)

      @queue << Command.new(:start_game)
      @queue << Command.new(:start_new_player_turn, @state.current_player.name)
      show_board(@state.current_player.name)
    end

This has a number of advantages:

• It’s quick to do. It only takes a minute to make a change like this, and saves you a lot of headaches later.
• It’s easy to spot in a diff. It’s much harder to get out all the code unless it’s clearly encapsulated like this.
• It’s easy to spot for someone else. If instead of going on a lunch break you were cycling home for the day, a co-worker would probably be able to spot and fix this before you got back online.
• It might be further refactored later. These kind of ‘put the system in a certain state’ methods can actually be useful later - we might be able to use this for a tutorial mode, for example. Temporary code often ends up being much less temporary that we originally envisage.

I’ve found that small refactorings like this often save me lots of time later. How do you stop yourself checking in the wrong code?

How to decide whether a tool is right for you

We are only at the beginning of our journey in building software. Our discipline is barely a few decades old. We have only a very little experience in how to correctly write code and a limited range of tools and skills to do it with. We should be actively looking for new tools, not wasting our time either promoting our toolset exclusively or disparaging the toolsets of others.

Tools are tools

Test-driven development has been one of those tools that has proved useful for many people over a number of years. Do I use it? Yes, much of the time.

Using a refactoring IDE has also proved useful to many people over a number of years, especially in certain languages. Do I use one? No. Does that mean it’s not a useful tool to others? No, of course not.

The ability to decouple code to promote changeability is also a great tool to have in your toolbox. Do I try and do this? Yes, wherever I can, and I’m always trying to get better at it.

There are many more. The insight as to when to refactor, not just how, is an incredibly valuable skill to have. The understanding that all code is built for someone and we should ensure we talk to them about what they want is powerful. Being able to check into source control without touching the network is a real speed boost, and gives me a detailed history of progress.

The recent TDD storm

So why do we get so hung up on one particular tool? When something works for us, we’re compelled to proclaim it’s the One True Way and that it’ll work for every problem and solve every headache. This is a grevious error, but in avoiding it, we can make the opposite one: when we find a tool’s limitations, we discard it completely and move on, proclaiming it useless for all.

DHH has a point. Don’t listen to the people who say there’s only one way to do a job, and that we should use any tool for everything.

Gary Bernhardt has a point. Test speeds do matter - the faster the better. Fast tests are a powerful tool.

Uncle Bob has a point. It’s not just about fast tests: separating concerns in order to promote changeability in code is a useful skill to learn.

Tom Stuart has a point. TDD is a useful tool because it gives you another client for your code, encouraging us to think harder about what it’s doing.

Seb Rose has a point. We need to learn how to use TDD (or indeed any tool) well before giving up on it.

Cory House has a point. People display their own biases in their opinions and we should learn from them all.

How to decide whether a software tool is right for you

It doesn’t matter whether it’s TDD, Vim, Git, Refactoring, OO, Functional programming, JavaScript, RubyMotion, etc. Follow the following advice repeatedly, substituting your own values:

If you haven’t tried tool X, give it a go. Many have found it helpful in areas Y and Z. Some have also found it applicable in areas A and B, but your mileage may vary. Some don’t get on with it, and a few hate it and say no-one should use it. Learn it properly before making any final decision about its usefulness to yourself and others. This will take <an amount of days/months/years> to do. Continue using it as long as it’s helpful to you.

There are as yet very few absolutes with software tools - we’re still way too primitive in our discipline for many of those. Let’s learn how to use as many tools and skills as possible, and use the right ones for the job. Let’s not decry the tools, skills and techniques of others if they are useful to them: let’s instead spend our energy actively seeking new skills and tools to further our discipline.

4 questions to discover if you're *really* agile...

Here’s a challenge: how many of these questions are are true for your team? (Be honest.)

• Does our team value processes and tools (i.e. our task tracker, source control program, our agile process, our meeting cadence, etc) over conversations between team members?

• Does our team attempt to document everything (perhaps through long comprehensive ticket descriptions, or massively detailed cucumber features) before focusing on working software?

• Does our team think about about SLAs, response times and formal release procedures before shipping something and having a conversation with the customer about it?

• Is following the plan that you agreed in sprint planning more important than changing it in response to a customer?

If our projects sound like this, we’re doing exactly the opposite of the agile manifesto.

The anti-agile manifesto

Processes and tools over individuals and interactions

Comprehensive documentation over working software

Contract negotiation over customer collaboration

Following a plan over responding to change

Read both versions through. Which one sounds most like your project?